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| 1410 |
| | | The Poles defeat the Teutonic knights between Tannenberg and Grunwald, bringing the coastal strip around Gdansk into the Polish kingdom | |
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| 1458 |
| | | Matthias Corvinus begins a long reign which brings Moravia, Silesia and much of Austria within the Hungarian kingdom | |
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| 1466 |
| | | In the treaty of Torun the Teutonic knights finally cede Prussia to Poland | |
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| 1493 |
| | | John I Albert summons the first recorded sejm, a parliament representing the whole of Poland | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus publishes a book suggesting that the earth moves round the sun | |
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| 1575 |
| | | Stefan Báthory, prince of Transylvania, is elected king of Poland | |
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| 1648 |
| | | A Cossack rebellion leads to the eventual transfer of their territory from Poland to Russia | |
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| 1683 |
| | | The Turks are driven from the walls of Vienna by the Polish king John Sobieski, in what proves a historic turning point | |
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| 1700 |
| | | Poland, Russia and Denmark attack Sweden, beginning the 21-year Northern War | |
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| c. 1740 |
| | | A charismatic leader, Baal Shem Tov, develops Hasidism in Poland as an influential revivalist movement within Judaism | |
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